马房管理：马匹寄生虫有哪些？

圆线虫种/大型圆线虫
Strongylus species.Large Strongyles

Strongylus vulgaris is by far the most deadly of the equine worms — by obstructing the arteries supplying blood to the gut, migrating larval stages of this worm are a major cause of colic. The life cycles of Strongylus spp. are similar to those of the cyathostomes except that the larvae of these worms migrate in the horse’s body for some 6 months before maturing to adults. With S. vulgaris, larvae prefer to migrate within the arteries supplying blood to the gut before returning to the gut to become egg-laying adults about 6 months after the infective larvae were ingested from pasture.
普通圆形线虫目前是对马来说最致命的寄生虫——阻塞动脉，阻碍肠道供血，其中幼虫迁移的阶段是导致腹痛的主要原因。普通圆形线虫的生命周期同盅口线虫相似，不同之处在于，普通圆形线虫的幼虫是在年龄在6个月至成年的马匹体内迁移。从草场感染到幼虫后大约6个月后，普通圆形线虫的幼虫倾向于迁徙到供血给肠道的动脉中，成年后回到肠道中产卵。

Until more is known about the life cycle of S. vulgaris in your region of China, year-round treatment for this parasite is probably required. Given the long time required for this worm to mature in horses (6-months) and the high efficiency of ivermectin and moxidectin for this parasite, treatment at a minimum of 6 month intervals with these wormers would theoretically prevent the shedding of eggs and greatly suppress transmission. In cold climates, aggressive treatment Spring and Summer will stop transmission of this parasite.
在了解你所在的中国的地区的普通圆形线虫的生命周期。针对这种寄生虫，或许需要为期一年的治疗计划。这种寄生虫在马体内到成年期要6个月，伊维菌素和莫西菌素对这种寄生虫非常有效，通过为期6个月的，间隔性给药治疗，理论上能阻止马散步虫卵，有效抑制寄生虫的传播。在气候寒冷的地方，在春季夏季的积极诊疗模式将能阻止这种寄生虫的传播。

Since the discovery and use of the amazing drug called ivermectin, this worm has become much less common. Also, resistance to our antiparasitic drugs has not been a problem with this worm. As a result, what was once a common and deadly parasite of horses has now become a rarity on most horse properties in the West. Not enough is known about this worm in horse properties in China so it may be causing colic and death at your equestrian centre.
随着神奇的伊维菌素的发现和使用，这种寄生虫已经不常见了。此外，驱虫药的抗药性在这种寄生虫上还不是问题。因此，在西方，曾经的对马来说常见、致命寄生虫现在在大多数马身上已经不常见了。目前没有足够的信息来了解这种寄生虫在中国的情况，因此这类寄生虫或许会是导致你的马术中心的马腹痛和死亡的原因。

蛔虫（大形圆线虫）
Ascarids (“Large Roundworms”)

I was invited to an equestrian centre in western China recently to discuss their plans for further equine developments. The morning I arrived I discovered the staff leading a mare and her foal around the arena with the foal clearly in distress. Unknown to me, this foal had been suffering pain for some days from colic. Within a few hours the foal rapidly became very much worse, was throwing itself on the ground and in agonizing pain. I diagnosed a twisted intestine and as no surgical facility was available the foal died a terrible, painful and un necessary death. The cause? Roundworms!! These horrible parasites had completely filled the foals stomach and small intestine and caused a secondary twisted intestine. I have never seen a case like this in my veterinary practice, it never happens if you have good stable hygiene, effective worm medications and give them according to a well designed de-worming programme.
最近我受到一个位于中国南方的马术俱乐部的邀请，探讨他们马术发展的计划。在我到达的那个早上，我看到员工牵着一匹母马和她的马驹在训练场走动，马驹明显很痛苦。当时我并不知道，马驹已经连续几天腹痛了。几小时后，马驹的情况迅速恶化，不断的跌倒，处于剧烈的疼痛中。我诊断出马驹是肠扭转，由于没有手术设备，马驹痛苦的死去了，然而这种死亡原本是可以避免的。 诱因？蛔虫！！！马驹的胃里和小肠里填满了这种可怕的寄生虫，引发了肠扭转。在我的兽医生涯，我还从来没见过因此而导致死亡的病例。如果你有好的马房卫生管理，有效的驱虫药，以及良好的驱虫计划，这种情况永远不会发生的。

Parascaris equorum, the large roundworm of horses, as I have seen, is deadly to foals in their first year of life. After that time, sufficient immunity develops to provide strong protection. Transmission is direct and non- seasonal—infected horses contaminate their environment by shedding large numbers of ascarid eggs, which are subsequently eaten by other horses. Because ascarids shed a very tough egg that can survive in the environment for several years, and only hatches after being swallowed by a horse, transmission of that worm is not affected by climate. On most breeding farms, the majority of eggs ingested by this year’s foals were passed by foals on the same farm during the preceding year. Since this parasite requires 11-15 weeks to mature in foals, worming foals at 2-month intervals throughout their first year of life should provide adequate control and prevent a build-up of eggs in the environment that would infect the next year's foal crop. The BZDs, pyrantel, ivermectin and moxidectin all are effective, and drug resistance has not been a problem with this worm. However, in China, we are unsure if the de-worming drugs are as effective as those we use in New Zealand and elsewhere.
马蛔虫，大型圆虫，如我所见，对马驹来说，在它们生命中的第一年，这种寄生虫是非常致命的。在那之后，有效的免疫系统能为马驹提供强有力的保护。这种寄生虫的传播是直接的且不分季节的。受到感染的马会通过排除大量虫卵污染它们所在的环境，而虫卵随后会被别的马吃进去。因为蛔虫卵生命力强，能存活数年，只在被马吃进体内后才浮华，这种寄生虫的传播不受气候的影响。在大部分繁育马场，同一个马场头一年出生的马驹会寄生虫卵传递给本年出生的马驹。鉴于这种寄生虫在马驹体内需要11-15周后进入成熟期，在马驹出生的头一年里，每两个月给一次驱虫药，这应该足以控制寄生虫，控制该马房中虫卵的数量，这同时也能保护下一年出生的新马驹。苯并咪唑类，噻嘧啶吡喃呔（抗虫灵），伊维菌素，莫西菌素都很有效，同时这种寄生虫也不存在抗药性的问题。然而，我们不确定中国的驱虫药是否同新西兰或者别的国家的药一样有效。

蝇蛆
Bots

Bots are flying insects somewhat related to houseflies. However, their larval (maggot) stages live in the stomachs of horses. Before the appearance of ivermectin, bots were very common on horses. However, they often were overrated in their ability to cause disease. Nevertheless large numbers of bot larvae in a horse's stomach can lead to ill thrift and, on rare occasion, death.
蝇蛆是是一种飞虫，似乎与家蝇有关。然而，它们的幼虫寄生在马的胃部。在伊维菌素出现之前，蝇蛆在马身上很常见。然而，它们引起马生病的能力往往被高估了。无论如何，如果马胃部充斥着大量幼虫，确实会导致“不健壮”，罕见情况下，也可能导致死亡。

The bot life cycle begins when the adult bot fly deposits eggs on the horse’s coat, usually on the forelimbs, in the mane or over the neck. Many horses find the bot fly extremely irritating and will kick and run when the fly ties to deposit eggs. One of my horses, Michelangelo, has a very sensitive skin and will spend hours trotting 20 metre circles in the paddock trying to stay away from a bot fly. Horses become infected by licking the eggs. After a brief period of migration in the gums between the horse’s teeth, immature bots live in the stomach for several months. Eventually they pass out with the manure, whereupon the bot burrows into the soil and pupates. The adult botfly emerges from the pupa several months later.
蝇蛆的生命周期开始于成年蝇蛆在马的毛发中产卵，通常是在前肢，鬃毛里或者沿着脖子的毛发中。许多马因蝇蛆而生气暴躁，当蝇蛆尝试在它们身上产卵时，会又踢又跑。我的一匹马，Michelangelo, 皮肤非常敏感，受到蝇蛆困扰的它会在直径20m的小圆形围场里走几个小时，尝试远离蝇蛆。马会因为舔到虫卵而受感染。在经过一段时间后未成年的幼虫从牙齿迁移到胃部，经历几个月后进入成熟期。最终它们随着粪便排除，随后蝇蛆钻入土地或草地中。几个月后，成年蝇蛆破茧而出。

Adult botflies are highly seasonal in their activities. Adult botflies are most abundant, and most egg laying occurs, in late Spring and Summer. Activity ceases entirely after the first hard freeze of the autumn.
成年蝇蛆的活动非常具有季节性。成年蝇蛆数量集中，并大量产卵是在春末和夏季。随着第一次秋冻的出现，它们的活动也停止。

The most important time to treat for bots is in January, after the first freeze of the winter has greatly reduced bot activity. A second treatment is probably needed after the Spring peak in egg laying is past. A supplemental treatment in November may be needed in especially bad years or on farms with heavy bot activity. In warmer wet climates treatments may need to be continued through the winter. In colder climates, treatments are given in summer and early autumn based on the amount of local botfly activity, with a final clean-out treatment given after the first hard freeze of late Autumn. Ivermectin and moxidectin are the preferred treatments. As I would prefer not to use drugs, daily grooming with a bot knife will remove many eggs before they hatch, but be careful, hatched bot larvae have been known to infect the eye of humans!
针对蝇蛆的最重要的治疗是在一月——第一次冬季寒潮出现的时候，蝇蛆的活动被有效的限制了。在春季产卵高峰期后，需要第二次治疗。特别是在糟糕的年份或者在蝇蛆特别严重的马场，在11月进行营养补充剂治疗也是有必要的。在气候温暖湿润的地方，冬季或许也需要实施治疗方案。在气候寒冷的地方，治疗方案可在夏季或者秋初实施，这主要取决于当地蝇蛆的活动情况，在秋末的第一次冻结期来的时候，可以给马做最终的清理治疗。我一般不倾向于用药物，每天用驱蝇蛆梳（bot knife）给马梳毛能在虫卵孵化前清理掉许多虫卵，需要小心的是，孵化的虫卵会感染人类的眼睛。

Wash your hands with warm, soapy water, and be sure not to touch your face, after handling horses that are contaminated with bot eggs.
接触过有虫卵的马后，一定要用温水，肥皂水洗手，确保不要用手接触脸。

其他的寄生虫
Miscellaneous Parasites

Tapeworms are common in horses, and owners frequently complain of seeing tapeworm segments in manure. For the most part these worms are harmless although heavy infestations may cause colic. Infection is acquired when horses accidentally swallow a small mite while grazing. These mites, which feed on decaying organic matter in the environment, become infected by eating tapeworm eggs shed in the manure of infected horses. Treatment is best done with an ivermectin-praziquantel or moxidectin-praziquantel mixture. Alternatively, a double or triple dose of pyrantel in its single dose formulations or daily treatment with the continuously fed form of that same drug (Strongid-C?) may work. Little is known about seasonality of tapeworm transmission or the effects of climate on this parasite (although tapeworm infections seem to be most abundant in the Autumn), and drug resistance does not seem to be a problem.
绦虫在马身上很常见，马主经常埋怨在马的粪便中看到绦虫。这类寄生虫中大部分都没有害，当然，严重的感染是会导致腹痛的。马是通过在草场吃草时偶然食入螨而感染到。这些螨是以周围腐烂的有机物为食的，它们通过食入通过受到感染的马排出的粪便中的绦虫卵而被感染。治疗方案最好是用伊维菌素--吡喹酮或莫昔克丁吡喹酮混合物。另外，在一个配方中加入两剂或者三剂噻嘧啶，或者每天给马用同样的药(Strongid-C?)或许会有用。我们对绦虫传播的季节性和气候对其的影响所知甚少（然而绦虫的感染似乎主要在秋季），抗药性应该不是问题。

Pinworms are nuisance parasites whose ill effects are generally limited to itching and hair loss around the rump and tail head. If your horse is a show horse and you like his tail to look glamorous then keep him free of pinworms as rubbing his tail on the stable will ruin a beautiful tail in a matter of days. Infection is more common and severe in stabled horses than horses at pasture because eggs survive longer out of direct sunlight. Adult pinworms live in the lower bowel of horses. At night female pinworms stick their heads out of the anus of infected horses and glue their eggs to the skin. The glue is irritating, which causes the bottom of affected horses to itch. Horses are infected by swallowing pinworm eggs, which are lightweight and often will float briefly in the air, contaminating every surface of a stable. Pinworms are easily killed with most equine wormers and usually are controlled as a side effect of programs designed to control cyathostomes. If necessary, pinworms usually can be eliminated from stables by aggressive sanitation and two anthelmintic treatments 1 month apart. Benzimidazoles, pyrantel, ivermectin and moxidectin all are effective.
蛲虫是一种很麻烦的寄生虫，它们的导致的常见病症是瘙痒和臀部和尾梢的毛发脱落。如果你的马是参加选美的马（show horse），你当然会希望它的毛发光泽亮丽，因此我们最好让马远离蛲虫——如果它不断在马厩中蹭，日积月累会毁掉它的漂亮尾巴的。在马厩中的马相比牧场放养的马来说，更容易感染蛲虫，也更严重，因为虫卵在避光处存活的更久。成虫寄生在马的肠下段。在夜晚，雌性蛲虫蠕出马的肛门在皮肤上产卵。黏液具有刺激性，引起马屁股瘙痒。蛲虫卵很轻，能在空气中飞扬，附在马厩的表面，马吸入蛲虫卵而受到感染。大多数马的驱虫药都能去除蛲虫，通常能随着盅口线虫的驱虫计划附带着一起被去除。如果有必要，蛲虫通常能随着积极的卫生环境和每隔一个月用一次驱虫药被清除，苯并咪唑，噻吩嘧啶（抗虫灵），伊维菌素，莫西菌素都很有效。

Threadworms commonly infect young foals mainly via the mother’s milk. This parasite appears to be relatively harmless, although large numbers of eggs may be shed in a foal‘s manure. Eggs shed in the manure of foals develop into infective larvae on grass. Immunity quickly develops, and adult worms do not develop in horses more than several months old. Instead, any larvae acquired from pasture migrate to the udder and wait for a new foal to begin nursing. If desired, treatment of the mare with ivermectin on the day of foaling is very effective in preventing transmission of threadworms to the foal.
线虫通常通过母乳感染给马驹。这种寄生虫相对无害，当然，大量的虫卵会随着粪便被马驹排出，并大面积污染草场。马会迅速发展出免疫力，且这种寄生虫的成虫寄生在马体内的时间不会超过几个月。幼虫会从土壤迁徙到乳房，等待新的马驹吃奶。如果精心设计，伊维菌素的治疗应该在马驹出生的那天实施，会非常有效的预防寄生虫被传递给马驹。

Many other kinds of worms infect horses, and time does not permit me to cover them all. However, if you make an effort to control those worms listed above, you will have controlled 99% of the parasite problems in your horses.
许多别的寄生虫也会被马感染，时间有限，我不能逐一谈到。然而，如果你努力尝试去控制上述的寄生虫，你能控制马体内99%的寄生虫。



来源：关于马的一切——Dr.K的小课堂