爱护你的马，照顾它一生(新增内容:二到四岁)

对我来说是一次很好的普及

非常好的学习内容啊

好贴，学习中

呵呵

          

我现在好、想 学会怎样照顾我的小马    

不错,好帖!!

好帖,继续,继续呀

对不起~~你那个字我找不到~~~所以~~谅!

侏侏!!!!!!!~~~~~~~帮你顶~~~~~~~

好

好贴!顶!学习了.

自己顶一下 哈哈

Two to four years old

二到四岁

Colts and fillies are now gaining in confidencn and in the wild would be trying to establish themselves as potential dominant stallions or mares to replace others in the herd.

小公马和小雌马正在增加自信以及在野外它们试图确立自己为潜在的统治公马或母马来代替马群中的其它成员。

 

 

Physically, they are gaining muscle and may be almost fully grown. As owners, we need to be aware that their strength and hormonal activity can, in some cases, trigger aggressive and dangerous behavior. As their caretakers and the providers of food, humans should have established a superior status in their eyes. However, now is the time that we need to reinforce our position as herd leader.

从身体上来说，它们正在增长肌肉并且有可能会几乎完全成长。作为主人，我们需要注意的是它们的力量以及荷尔蒙活动，某些情况下，会引发侵略和危险的行为。作为它们的照顾者和食物提供者，人类应该在马的眼中建立领导地位。然而，现在正是我们需要加强我们的马群领导地位的时候。

 

 

Colts and stallions generally prove more of a problem than fillies and mares because of the powerful nature of their developing sexual urges. When this begins to cause a problem with handling and socializing, you will know it is time to consider having the animal geld if it is not to be used for breeding.

小公马和公马比起小雌马和雌马会逐渐体现出更多的麻烦，因为强大的天性——它们不断发展的性冲动。当这开始对操纵以及马群造成问题的时候，你应该明白是时候考虑是否要阉割公马如果不做培育的话。

 

 

Training should continue with regular handling and the imprinting of physical and vocal commands such as “over,” “walk on,” and “stand.” Our body language is a significant factor here in communicating our clear intentions. It is very important to be ready to praise and reward the good behavior that the horse has learned. Bitting the animal will assist with handling now that his strength may put us at a disadvantage. We must be aware that their teeth may be undergoing dramatic changes as milk teeth are replaced by permanent molars and incisors. Make sure that the use of  any halter or bridle is not causing pressure on cheeks or inducing pain in any way.

调教应该继续，通过定期的操纵和铭记于心的身体指令和口令，像“跃过”，“继续走”以及“站好”。我们的肢体语言在我们传递清楚的意图过程中是一项很重要的因素。准备好表扬和奖励马学会的好行为是很重要的。既然马的力量可能将我们推往不利地位，给马带衔铁需要辅助操纵。我们必须注意它们的牙齿可能会经历重大的变化，乳牙会被永久的臼齿和门牙所代替。确保马笼头和马勒的使用不会对面颊造成压力以及任何方式引起痛苦。

 

 

In the wild, unruly or aggressive behavior would be reprimanded by a senior herd member. Although we are unable to flatten our ears and lunge at or nip to reprimand this behavior, we can instead use stern vocal commands and a dominant stance with the addition of firm handling or, if necessory, a pitch to the skin to mimic a nip.

在野外，不服从或侵略的行为会遭到马群上级成员的谴责。尽管我们不能背起我们的耳朵，冲过去或者用咬来谴责这种行为，我们可以用严格的口令和支配的态度附加坚决的操纵或者，如果有必要，扎一下皮来模仿用嘴咬。

[此贴子已经被作者于2007-1-30 20:46:50编辑过]

Understanding Learning Ability

理解学习能力

 

 

Horses naturally learn to recognize connections between signals or events which dictate how they should respond.

马有着学习识别信号和事物之间联系的天性。那些信号可以暗示它们该做出如何反应。

Much of a horse’s behavior is copied from other members of the herd. If one animal in the herd suddenly bolts in a certain direction, then the rest will almost certainly stampede after it, although they may not have been exposed to the stimulus.The purpose of learning is to ensure survival. Horses learn to react in a certain way to avoid an unpleasant consequence, to get  a reward in the form of food, or to flee from a potential threat.

大多数马的行为是从马群中其它成员那学来的。如果马群中有一匹马突然向某个方向逃走，那么其余的马几乎可以肯定会跟着它逃跑，尽管它们可能还没有暴露于危险中。学习的目的是为了生存。马学会用特定的方式来做出反应是为了避免不好的结果，获得食物形式的奖励，或者逃离潜在的危险。

 

 

For our own benefit, in order to create a safe riding animal, it is necessary in the early training of horses and ponies to expose them regularly to stimuli such as barking dogs, noisy cars, ect. Until they no longer react in such a dramatic way. We should aim to be as calm and impassive as possible when exposing the young animal to new experiences as they will be all to aware of any nervous tension that we might display.

为了我们自身的利益，为了安全骑乘，有必要在马和矮马的早期调教中让它们定期地接受刺激，诸如犬吠的狗，吵杂的汽车等等。直到它们不再做出如此戏剧性的反应。我们应当尽可能沉着镇静地将小马驹带入新的体验，因为我们表现出来的任何紧张它们都能意识到。

1.Have regular contact with your horse or pony throughout the day, but allow ample opportunity for real rest and quiet.

一天要定时和你的马或矮马接触，但是也要给予足够的时间让它有机会真正休息和获得安静。

2.Speak or make a recognizable noise before approaching or touching the animal.

在靠近马和接触马的时候说说话或者发出可以辨认的声音。

3.Always handle your horse in a calm but purposeful manner.

总是沉着但是用有目的的方式控制你的马。

4.Try to anticipate your horse’s reactions to the unpredictable.

试图预料你的马对于不可预测事物的反应。

We can use these early years profitably to establish a secure background by introducing new sights, new sounds, and constructive exercises, including the use of voice commands and body language to reinforce actions. Leading out in handle or off another animal and long reining are good forms of exercise to impart the action of moving forward in responds to our contact and command.

我们可以利用早期的这些年通过新的景象，新的声音，以及积极的训练，包括使用口令和肢体语言来增强行动有利地建立一个安全背景。马受（人的）控制外出或将另一匹马不受（人的）控制外出或者长缰遛马都是很好的训练形式，可以传授向前运动的行动作为对我们联系和命令的回应。

 

 

By this form of training, we are already imprinting desired behavior such as remaining calm in traffic, being rugged up, walking through water, and even traveling in a trailer or truck. Good behavior should be reinforced and rewarded.

通过这种形式的调教，我们已经使（马）将预期的行为牢记于心，像在交通中保持沉着，被毯子裹起来，在水中走，甚至在拖车或卡车中旅行。表现好的马需要强化和奖赏。

爱护你的马，照顾它一生(新增内容:二到四岁)

用沉着的方法鼓励小马驹迎接新的挑战可以帮它建立信心

爱护你的马，照顾它一生(新增内容:二到四岁)

将马牵出来通过口令和肢体语言进行平地练习可以很好地建立领导权。马和矮马，即使小的时候也是很强大的动物。如果它们忽略我们的举止，无视我们的指示，那么只是简单地将它们带出来就有可能导致灾难．

爱护你的马，照顾它一生(新增内容:二到四岁)

长缰训练可以教会马向前运动并且使它习惯于两缰的控制．

爱护你的马，照顾它一生(新增内容:二到四岁)

将另一匹马不受（人的）控制下外出是很好的训练方式，特别是训练年轻的马，它们可以从有经验的马身上学到自信．

[此贴子已经被作者于2007-1-28 9:37:26编辑过]

不好意思 最近手头有其他工作要忙 我会尽快的

期待继续！

顶一下！

好文章。

好文章。学骑马就应该从了解马开始。

好

很好的文章！衷心感谢版主为广大马友作出的贡献，希望能看到更多，呵呵！

Six months to two years old六个月到两岁大

After about six months the foal should be a great deal more independent and we should continue to build up its confidence in people and other animals. In the wild the youngstock would learn from siblings and the older members of the herd, interacting with them and learning their role in the herd hierarchy. The domestic animal has got to become part of the human “herd” in the same way. We are fortune that these young animals will be reliant on us for food and perhaps company, so the process of imprinting desired behaviour on them should not be too difficult as they look on us as both provider and friend.

六个月后小马驹会更独立,我们应该继续建立它与人及其它动物之间的信赖.在野外，小马驹会向马群中的兄弟姐妹和年长马学习，互相影响并且学习它们在阶级组织中的角色。同样的方式，家畜已经成为人类“群体”中的一部分。我们很幸运这些年幼的动物会因为食物或者（我们的）陪伴而信任我们，因此要它们记住预期行为的过程应该并不困难，因为它们将我们视为供给者和朋友。

 

 

 

Throughout the first two years, the bodies of these young colts or fillies will be growing tremendously quickly. It is important that we do not put too many extra strains on them, either physically or mentally, which could impair their natural development. As owners, we should be there to support their needs. By adopting a more natural system of care, we can help them in their development. By this I mean by providing equine (and human) companions to teach them their place in the herd and allowing them time to play and rest so they can both build up muscles and grow without putting too much strain onto their weak frames.

前两年，这些小雄马或小雌马的身体会成长的非常快。重要的是我们不能给它们太多额外的压力，不论是身体上的还是精神上的，否则会损害它们的自然发展。作为主人，我们应该来扶持它们的需要。采取一项更自然的管理系统，我们可以帮助它们发展。通过这我的意思是提供马（和人）的陪伴来教它们在马群中它们所处的位置以及允许它们有时间玩和休息，所以它们可以同时增加肌肉并且不会对它们柔弱的骨架造成太多压力。

 

 

 

A weaned animal will not have the tailor-made natural diet it previously received from the mare. So it is important that adequate levels of calcium, minerals, and protein are included in the feed intake. The diet of youngstock is a contentious issue as overfeeding or an incorrect diet can lead to problems in later life.

小马驹断奶后不会再有像先前从母马那得到的特制的自然饮食。所以摄取的食物中含有足够程度的钙，矿物质，以及蛋白质是很重要的。小马驹的饮食是一项有争议的问题因为过度喂食或饮食不正确会导致今后生活中出现问题。

 

 

 

We must aware that horses and ponies mature at different rates depending on their breeding. So while a Thoroughbred’s genes determine that it will be more or less fully development by the age of two years, it is certainly a risky business (and one that may have detrimental effects in the longer term) to overfeed a lanky two year old for the purpose of accelerating its growth for the showing. You must allow sufficient time for the muscles and bones which support the structure to mature.

我们必须注意马和矮马受育种的决定成熟速度不同。所以当一个纯种的基因决定了，到两岁的时候它就差不多完全成长了，这无疑是一件冒险事情（在更长的时期可能会有不利的影响）为了促进外表的成长而给两岁大的消瘦的（马）过度喂食。你必须给支撑结构的肌肉和骨骼提供足够的时间来成熟。

 

 

 

As an owner, it is far better simple to give adequate forage and a hard feed designed to prevent deficiencies in youngstock and permit ad-lib grazing if at all possible. Turning the animal out to exercise itself is all that is necessary for muscle development. In this way, we are not trying to force the young animal to resemble and perform like an adult horse. Exercising an immature animal, by lunging for example, can put strain onto the joints and cause deformities such as splints.

作为主人，提供足够的饲料和严格制定的饲养方案避免小马驹营养不足，在任何情况下可能的话避免自由放牧。为了肌肉的生长所需要做的全部就是带小马驹出来让它自己锻炼。通过这种方式，我们不是试图强迫小马驹模仿和做成年马的行为。锻炼不成熟的小马驹，打个比方通过调教索训练，会对关节施加压力以及会造成类似掌骨疣（马的裂骨或炮骨的扩大）的畸形。

 

 

 

The hooves should be regularly trimmed every six weeks by the farrier. This will probably minimize problems when fitting shoes becomes necessary.

马蹄应该每六周请蹄铁匠修整一下。这样在需要钉蹄铁的时候很可能会减少问题。

 

 

 

爱护你的马，照顾它一生(新增内容:二到四岁)

马蹄应该每六周请蹄铁匠修整一下.

 

爱护你的马，照顾它一生(新增内容:二到四岁)

同伴可以帮助小马驹情绪和身体上稳定。马类朋友可以在外一起玩耍，而这人类很难提供。

 

爱护你的马，照顾它一生(新增内容:二到四岁)

马的后半身生长比较快，所以两岁大的小马驹臀部会比马肩隆高．当马到达三，四岁的时候，前半身的生长才会跟上．

[此贴子已经被作者于2006-12-18 16:24:32编辑过]